Italy · Multi-region weather view

Adriatic-facing vineyards between the Apennines and the sea.

Mountain air and elevation temper summer heat, while coastal sites are more humid.

Climate comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional record · updated through Aug 20, 2026.

Current conditions

Observations through Aug 30, 2026 · 06:00 UTC

Temperature24.7°C
Dew Point12.1°C
Relative Humidity45%
24h Rainfall0.4 mmmodeled IFS total through Aug 29

Vintage explorer

Moderately cooler and significantly drier than normal.

Mean temperature17.9°C
Temperature anomaly+1.6°Cvs 1991-2020
Growing degree days1377base 10°C
Hot days1≥ 35°C

What stood out in 2026

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity. Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

Warmer growing season · High confidence

Mean growing-season temperature was +1.6°C versus the 1991–2020 baseline.

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity.

Drier than baseline · Moderate confidence

Growing-season precipitation was 148 mm below the 1991–2020 baseline.

Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

2026 month by month

Replay the 2026 growing season

Closest weather matches

How similar years are calculated

Method analog-v1-2026-07 standardizes six weather measures across 0 complete ARCO ERA5 comparison years, then measures the distance between them. The calculation runs when the page is requested.

Growing-season temperature anomalyCompared with 1991-2020
Temperature anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 A line above zero indicates a warmer growing season than the 1991–2020 baseline. Select a point to inspect that vintage. +2.1°C −2.1°C 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
Growing-season rainfall anomaly
Rainfall anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 Bars show millimeters above or below the 1991–2020 growing-season baseline. Select a bar to inspect that vintage. +410 mm −410 mm 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
View historical chart data as a table
YearTemperature anomalyRainfall anomalyHot days
1991-1.3°C-74 mm0
1992-0.7°C-24 mm0
1993-0.2°C-190 mm0
1994+0.3°C-196 mm0
1995-1.4°C-36 mm0
1996-1.1°C+114 mm0
1997-0.7°C-31 mm0
1998+0.1°C-141 mm0
1999+0.2°C+55 mm0
2000+0.6°C-75 mm1
2001+0.6°C-253 mm0
2002-0.4°C+167 mm0
2003+0.5°C-114 mm1
2004-0.1°C+110 mm0
2005-0.2°C+9 mm0
2006-0.2°C-114 mm0
2007-0.2°C-96 mm1
2008+0.3°C-39 mm0
2009+0.1°C+281 mm1
2010+0.0°C+3 mm1
2011+0.0°C-153 mm0
2012+1.5°C-32 mm1
2013+0.2°C-14 mm0
2014-0.5°C+173 mm0
2015+0.8°C+71 mm0
2016+0.0°C+401 mm0
2017+0.9°C-218 mm6
2018+0.7°C+308 mm0
2019+0.5°C+16 mm0
2020-0.2°C+90 mm0
2021+0.2°C-224 mm0
2022+1.2°C-238 mm0
2023+1.2°C+109 mm3
2024+1.8°C+55 mm1
2025+0.8°C+49 mm0
2026+1.6°C-148 mm1

winter

6.4°C

+2.4°C vs baseline

208 mm rain · -62 mm

spring

11.6°C

+0.7°C vs baseline

423 mm rain · +121 mm

summer

23.4°C

+2.6°C vs baseline

92 mm rain · -115 mm

harvest

24.5°C

+7.8°C vs baseline

2 mm rain · -207 mm

Weather events

1991–present

Climate change

Measured regional trends are shown separately from model projections. The observed record ends at the latest complete growing season shared by every published region.

Compare regions

Observed record

Historical trends, 1991–2025

Growing degree days changed +93.8 GDD per decade. The 95% interval is +58.3 to +129.3 GDD per decade, based on 35 eligible vintages.

How it is measured: Across the March 15–October 31 growing season, each day's mean temperature above 10°C adds to the total; cooler days add zero.

Growing degree days · annual change from the 1991–2020 average1991–2025

Scroll horizontally to inspect the full timeline.

View annual growing degree days data
VintageGrowing degree daysChange from 1991–2020
19911320 GDD-227 GDD
19921395 GDD-153 GDD
19931521 GDD-27 GDD
19941601 GDD+53 GDD
19951280 GDD-267 GDD
19961298 GDD-249 GDD
19971489 GDD-59 GDD
19981610 GDD+62 GDD
19991598 GDD+51 GDD
20001653 GDD+105 GDD
20011646 GDD+98 GDD
20021462 GDD-86 GDD
20031728 GDD+180 GDD
20041493 GDD-54 GDD
20051448 GDD-100 GDD
20061480 GDD-67 GDD
20071516 GDD-31 GDD
20081591 GDD+43 GDD
20091590 GDD+42 GDD
20101523 GDD-24 GDD
20111574 GDD+26 GDD
20121844 GDD+297 GDD
20131564 GDD+17 GDD
20141430 GDD-118 GDD
20151708 GDD+161 GDD
20161514 GDD-33 GDD
20171701 GDD+153 GDD
20181684 GDD+136 GDD
20191648 GDD+101 GDD
20201519 GDD-28 GDD
20211662 GDD+114 GDD
20221828 GDD+280 GDD
20231806 GDD+258 GDD
20241908 GDD+360 GDD
20251705 GDD+158 GDD
Growing-season mean temperature
+0.48 °C per decade 95% interval +0.30 to +0.65
Growing degree days
+93.81 GDD per decade 95% interval +58.27 to +129.34
Growing-season precipitation
+37.14 mm per decade 95% interval -4.09 to +78.36
Hot days
+0.30 days per decade 95% interval +0.06 to +0.54
Spring frost days
-1.98 days per decade 95% interval -3.84 to -0.13
Longest dry spell
+0.97 days per decade 95% interval -0.34 to +2.28

Last Updated July 15, 2026

Model ensemble

Projected climate through 2075

Temperature changes are relative to each model’s 1991–2020 baseline. The table combines all three pathways, weighted 70% to SSP2-4.5 and 15% each to SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0.

Scroll horizontally to compare all columns.

PeriodWeighted medianWeighted central 80%Models per pathway
2021-2040+1.2°C+0.9 to +1.6°C25
2041-2060+1.8°C+1.2 to +2.6°C25
2061-2075+2.3°C+1.8 to +3.5°C25
How pathways are combined

For each period and percentile, Weather & Vines takes 70% of the SSP2-4.5 value, 15% of the SSP1-2.6 value, and 15% of the SSP3-7.0 value. Each pathway contains the same 25 models. The weights are an editorial view of the current trajectory, not scenario probabilities.

Last Updated June 29, 2025

Compare projection measures across regions

Typical year · 1991–2020

When to visit

This calendar describes typical regional weather under the selected climate baseline. It is not a forecast for a future trip, and it does not account for crowds, lodging, events, or vineyard access.

Deterministic IFS forecast

Next ten days

Detailed forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · model run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC · retrieved Aug 30, 2026 at 08:22 UTC

Scroll horizontally to see all forecast dates.

DateSunMonTueWedThuFriSatSunMonTue
High 30°C 31°C 31°C 30°C 29°C 31°C 34°C 33°C 33°C 33°C
Low 23°C 21°C 21°C 20°C 19°C 18°C 21°C 24°C 23°C 23°C
Rain 1.0 mm 0.1 mm 0.0 mm 0.2 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm

Across the typical year: Early August has the warmest median afternoon high (27.6°C); Late January has the coolest (7.4°C). Wet days are most frequent in Late April (50%) and least frequent in Late July (28%). Ties are resolved by calendar order.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lowsMedians and middle 50% of daily readings

Afternoon highOvernight lowMiddle 50%

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lows for Abruzzo Median daily maximum and minimum temperatures for 24 early and late-month periods under the 1991–2020 baseline. Neutral bands show the 25th to 75th percentile. -5°C5°C15°C25°C35°C JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
How often a day is wetShare of days with at least 1 mm of rain

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Wet-day frequency through the typical year for Abruzzo The fraction of days receiving at least one millimeter of rain in each early and late-month period under the 1991–2020 baseline. 0%25%50%75%100% JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
View all 24 periods as a table

Scroll horizontally to view all columns.

Abruzzo typical weather by half-month, 1991–2020
PeriodAfternoon high, median (middle 50%)Overnight low, median (middle 50%)Wet-day frequencyPeriod rain, median (middle 50%)
Jan 1–158.4°C (5.6–10.6°C)-0.1°C (-2.6–2.5°C)34%28.5 mm (13.5–55.9 mm)
Jan 16–317.4°C (4.8–10.0°C)-0.4°C (-2.9–1.8°C)40%42.0 mm (15.4–75.5 mm)
Feb 1–158.7°C (5.2–11.3°C)-0.6°C (-3.1–2.1°C)41%46.7 mm (23.6–50.9 mm)
Feb 16–299.5°C (6.3–12.4°C)0.1°C (-2.6–3.0°C)40%29.3 mm (16.7–41.7 mm)
Mar 1–1511.3°C (8.0–14.5°C)2.2°C (-0.5–4.3°C)44%43.0 mm (28.1–58.1 mm)
Mar 16–3113.5°C (9.8–16.5°C)3.3°C (0.6–5.5°C)42%43.6 mm (25.7–67.6 mm)
Apr 1–1515.0°C (12.0–17.3°C)5.0°C (2.7–6.9°C)45%45.9 mm (35.2–66.7 mm)
Apr 16–3016.5°C (14.0–19.2°C)7.1°C (5.0–8.8°C)50%45.9 mm (31.7–68.3 mm)
May 1–1518.9°C (16.5–21.7°C)9.3°C (7.4–10.9°C)47%42.2 mm (28.0–70.9 mm)
May 16–3121.1°C (18.2–23.5°C)10.7°C (8.8–12.4°C)44%43.1 mm (34.0–69.8 mm)
Jun 1–1523.6°C (20.9–26.0°C)12.8°C (11.2–14.7°C)43%36.0 mm (28.3–76.9 mm)
Jun 16–3025.9°C (23.0–28.5°C)14.9°C (12.9–16.7°C)32%24.9 mm (12.5–46.4 mm)
Jul 1–1526.9°C (24.3–29.1°C)16.0°C (14.3–17.4°C)32%20.5 mm (13.0–34.1 mm)
Jul 16–3127.3°C (25.0–30.0°C)16.3°C (14.9–17.8°C)28%22.8 mm (10.6–46.9 mm)
Aug 1–1527.6°C (25.3–29.5°C)16.6°C (15.2–18.0°C)32%16.9 mm (11.3–32.9 mm)
Aug 16–3126.9°C (24.8–29.3°C)15.8°C (14.4–17.3°C)35%29.4 mm (13.8–46.9 mm)
Sep 1–1523.8°C (21.3–25.8°C)13.3°C (11.6–15.0°C)38%35.9 mm (17.8–51.2 mm)
Sep 16–3021.5°C (19.4–23.9°C)11.5°C (9.7–13.6°C)37%28.9 mm (18.7–55.7 mm)
Oct 1–1519.8°C (17.2–22.0°C)10.3°C (8.5–11.9°C)42%38.9 mm (24.6–50.5 mm)
Oct 16–3117.6°C (14.6–19.9°C)8.1°C (5.5–10.2°C)33%36.1 mm (12.6–51.9 mm)
Nov 1–1515.1°C (12.6–17.3°C)6.3°C (3.7–8.6°C)38%38.9 mm (23.2–57.7 mm)
Nov 16–3011.6°C (8.7–14.2°C)3.6°C (0.8–6.0°C)44%61.5 mm (22.5–87.0 mm)
Dec 1–159.6°C (7.3–11.9°C)2.0°C (-0.4–3.8°C)42%49.9 mm (29.6–79.0 mm)
Dec 16–317.8°C (5.2–10.8°C)-0.0°C (-2.9–2.3°C)39%42.2 mm (33.0–61.4 mm)

Each year contributes to temperature or rain separately when at least 90% of that period’s days are present. A value is shown only when at least 80% of the baseline years qualify. February 29 is included in late February.

Historical climatology Last Updated July 15, 2026

Season to date

Growing season heat and rainfall

Mar 15–Aug 30, 2026

Growing degree days1377.2base 10°C
Growing-season rainfall488.6 mmweighted regional total
Cumulative growing degree daysBase 10°C

2026 season1991–2020 average

Growing degree days accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily mean temperature above 10 degrees Celsius from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 1377 GDD 0 Mar ’26AprMayJunJulAug
Cumulative growing-season rainfallRegional weighted mean

2026 season1991–2020 average

Rainfall accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily rainfall in millimeters from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 489 mm 0 Mar ’26AprMayJunJulAug
View growing-season accumulation data
DateSeason GDD1991–2020 average GDDSeason rainfall1991–2020 average rainfall
2026-03-150.00.24.3 mm2.3 mm
2026-03-160.00.619.8 mm5.3 mm
2026-03-170.01.024.6 mm7.4 mm
2026-03-180.01.546.8 mm9.5 mm
2026-03-190.01.954.9 mm12.0 mm
2026-03-200.02.456.4 mm14.6 mm
2026-03-210.03.156.7 mm16.6 mm
2026-03-220.03.761.0 mm19.9 mm
2026-03-230.04.365.6 mm22.8 mm
2026-03-240.05.166.4 mm26.1 mm
2026-03-250.06.066.5 mm30.4 mm
2026-03-260.06.873.0 mm36.1 mm
2026-03-270.07.2102.9 mm41.4 mm
2026-03-280.07.4106.9 mm44.5 mm
2026-03-290.08.1107.1 mm46.1 mm
2026-03-300.09.0121.2 mm48.6 mm
2026-03-310.09.9168.1 mm50.8 mm
2026-04-010.010.7239.4 mm52.2 mm
2026-04-020.011.4281.4 mm54.1 mm
2026-04-030.012.2290.5 mm56.6 mm
2026-04-040.013.3290.5 mm62.0 mm
2026-04-051.314.1290.5 mm65.7 mm
2026-04-064.814.9290.5 mm68.4 mm
2026-04-078.415.9290.5 mm69.8 mm
2026-04-0812.716.9290.5 mm72.8 mm
2026-04-0915.517.8290.8 mm77.2 mm
2026-04-1019.018.7291.0 mm83.0 mm
2026-04-1123.219.8291.1 mm86.7 mm
2026-04-1227.021.2291.3 mm90.4 mm
2026-04-1331.222.5295.5 mm94.0 mm
2026-04-1434.823.4307.4 mm98.5 mm
2026-04-1537.424.6323.6 mm102.0 mm
2026-04-1641.326.1325.0 mm105.4 mm
2026-04-1745.827.3325.3 mm109.1 mm
2026-04-1849.828.5325.3 mm113.2 mm
2026-04-1953.529.9325.3 mm115.4 mm
2026-04-2057.531.2326.8 mm119.3 mm
2026-04-2160.632.8339.4 mm124.7 mm
2026-04-2260.634.9345.5 mm128.0 mm
2026-04-2360.637.1345.6 mm130.6 mm
2026-04-2462.039.4345.6 mm133.4 mm
2026-04-2565.341.9345.6 mm136.0 mm
2026-04-2669.244.8345.6 mm138.4 mm
2026-04-2773.648.0349.5 mm141.3 mm
2026-04-2879.451.0350.0 mm144.6 mm
2026-04-2984.154.1354.7 mm148.8 mm
2026-04-3084.156.9360.3 mm154.6 mm
2026-05-0184.160.3360.3 mm157.4 mm
2026-05-0285.064.0360.3 mm161.3 mm
2026-05-0387.667.8360.3 mm167.1 mm
2026-05-0491.471.6360.3 mm170.6 mm
2026-05-0595.775.0362.0 mm175.0 mm
2026-05-06101.778.1362.7 mm179.7 mm
2026-05-07107.381.5370.1 mm182.6 mm
2026-05-08111.485.2371.3 mm185.5 mm
2026-05-09116.589.4371.3 mm187.8 mm
2026-05-10120.794.2375.9 mm189.7 mm
2026-05-11127.299.2376.0 mm192.7 mm
2026-05-12133.8104.5376.1 mm196.4 mm
2026-05-13135.0109.3381.7 mm200.7 mm
2026-05-14137.4114.4382.1 mm204.3 mm
2026-05-15141.9119.2382.7 mm207.4 mm
2026-05-16143.1123.5389.0 mm210.9 mm
2026-05-17144.7128.2389.1 mm213.3 mm
2026-05-18148.1133.2393.0 mm215.9 mm
2026-05-19151.5138.4394.4 mm219.6 mm
2026-05-20155.4143.4394.4 mm224.6 mm
2026-05-21160.9148.2394.6 mm229.4 mm
2026-05-22167.4153.8394.6 mm232.7 mm
2026-05-23174.0159.6394.6 mm236.2 mm
2026-05-24181.7165.4394.6 mm240.4 mm
2026-05-25190.2171.4394.6 mm242.2 mm
2026-05-26200.4177.6394.6 mm244.5 mm
2026-05-27211.8184.3394.7 mm246.4 mm
2026-05-28223.5190.7395.4 mm250.0 mm
2026-05-29232.9197.0395.9 mm253.2 mm
2026-05-30241.8203.4395.9 mm255.4 mm
2026-05-31252.3209.7396.1 mm257.1 mm
2026-06-01263.6216.0396.3 mm261.8 mm
2026-06-02273.0222.9396.6 mm266.7 mm
2026-06-03280.1230.2403.7 mm271.5 mm
2026-06-04287.6237.6403.7 mm274.4 mm
2026-06-05296.9245.1406.7 mm277.3 mm
2026-06-06305.4252.8409.0 mm280.5 mm
2026-06-07314.8260.7409.1 mm282.8 mm
2026-06-08324.4269.1409.3 mm285.2 mm
2026-06-09335.2277.6409.3 mm287.3 mm
2026-06-10347.7286.2409.4 mm289.8 mm
2026-06-11356.4295.4422.1 mm292.2 mm
2026-06-12363.5304.3422.1 mm294.3 mm
2026-06-13371.8312.9422.1 mm297.1 mm
2026-06-14383.5321.6422.1 mm300.6 mm
2026-06-15395.3330.8422.1 mm304.3 mm
2026-06-16406.1340.4422.9 mm307.3 mm
2026-06-17417.0349.9423.0 mm310.4 mm
2026-06-18429.1359.2423.0 mm313.5 mm
2026-06-19442.4368.7423.1 mm315.6 mm
2026-06-20456.1378.6423.1 mm318.5 mm
2026-06-21470.2388.4423.2 mm322.0 mm
2026-06-22484.1398.7424.0 mm324.0 mm
2026-06-23498.3409.7424.0 mm324.7 mm
2026-06-24512.2420.2424.2 mm326.4 mm
2026-06-25525.6430.7425.5 mm328.0 mm
2026-06-26539.1440.9425.5 mm330.6 mm
2026-06-27553.9451.6425.6 mm331.7 mm
2026-06-28569.0462.4425.6 mm333.7 mm
2026-06-29584.7473.0427.1 mm336.2 mm
2026-06-30599.8483.9429.9 mm338.3 mm
2026-07-01614.3495.0431.3 mm339.3 mm
2026-07-02624.6506.3448.4 mm340.9 mm
2026-07-03635.8517.9448.9 mm342.1 mm
2026-07-04647.4529.6448.9 mm343.2 mm
2026-07-05659.4541.2448.9 mm344.4 mm
2026-07-06671.3552.9450.6 mm346.9 mm
2026-07-07683.4564.6450.7 mm348.1 mm
2026-07-08697.7576.1450.8 mm349.1 mm
2026-07-09711.2587.2451.2 mm350.9 mm
2026-07-10724.4597.9451.2 mm354.4 mm
2026-07-11739.3608.6454.1 mm355.9 mm
2026-07-12751.6619.5459.1 mm357.3 mm
2026-07-13765.1630.6459.1 mm359.0 mm
2026-07-14781.8641.9459.1 mm361.0 mm
2026-07-15797.5652.6459.1 mm368.5 mm
2026-07-16812.8663.4459.2 mm370.6 mm
2026-07-17831.2674.5459.2 mm372.0 mm
2026-07-18847.9685.9459.2 mm372.6 mm
2026-07-19864.7697.6459.4 mm374.2 mm
2026-07-20880.4709.6462.2 mm375.1 mm
2026-07-21896.4721.6468.4 mm376.4 mm
2026-07-22906.7733.6471.8 mm379.1 mm
2026-07-23917.7745.7473.0 mm381.8 mm
2026-07-24927.0758.2474.4 mm387.2 mm
2026-07-25937.0770.0474.4 mm391.4 mm
2026-07-26950.1781.4476.7 mm393.5 mm
2026-07-27963.4793.0477.8 mm394.7 mm
2026-07-28976.9805.3477.8 mm396.4 mm
2026-07-29991.6817.6477.8 mm398.1 mm
2026-07-301006.9829.6477.9 mm400.1 mm
2026-07-311023.0841.3477.9 mm402.2 mm
2026-08-011039.2853.3477.9 mm403.3 mm
2026-08-021056.1865.7477.9 mm404.3 mm
2026-08-031071.8878.5477.9 mm406.3 mm
2026-08-041088.1891.0479.6 mm409.0 mm
2026-08-051104.7903.3480.1 mm410.9 mm
2026-08-061121.1915.3480.1 mm415.1 mm
2026-08-071137.7927.6480.1 mm415.9 mm
2026-08-081153.8939.9483.1 mm416.9 mm
2026-08-091168.7952.1483.1 mm419.3 mm
2026-08-101184.5964.4483.1 mm421.0 mm
2026-08-111200.6976.2483.7 mm423.3 mm
2026-08-121216.6987.8484.7 mm424.1 mm
2026-08-131232.1999.6485.6 mm425.1 mm
2026-08-141246.31011.3485.6 mm426.9 mm
2026-08-151259.61022.7485.6 mm429.8 mm
2026-08-161273.61033.7485.6 mm431.6 mm
2026-08-171287.91045.0487.2 mm432.6 mm
2026-08-181300.11056.7487.4 mm434.2 mm
2026-08-191315.11068.6487.4 mm435.7 mm
2026-08-201331.61080.7487.4 mm437.8 mm
2026-08-211347.91092.6487.9 mm440.2 mm
2026-08-221363.31104.0487.9 mm442.9 mm
2026-08-231377.21115.4488.6 mm444.4 mm

Forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC

10-day totals compared with the 1991–2020 combined regional record

GDD accumulation
156 GDDvs 88 GDD average
Total rainfall
1.3 mmvs 34.2 mm average

No unusually hot or wet period stands out in the short-range forecast.

Sun8/30 30°Cavg 25°C 23°Cavg 15°C +16 GDD 1.0 mm
Mon8/31 31°Cavg 25°C 21°Cavg 14°C +16 GDD 0.1 mm
Tue9/1 31°Cavg 24°C 21°Cavg 14°C +15 GDD 0.0 mm
Wed9/2 30°Cavg 24°C 20°Cavg 14°C +14 GDD 0.2 mm
Thu9/3 29°Cavg 24°C 19°Cavg 14°C +14 GDD 0.0 mm
Fri9/4 31°Cavg 24°C 18°Cavg 14°C +14 GDD 0.0 mm
Sat9/5 34°Cavg 23°C 21°Cavg 14°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm
Sun9/6 33°Cavg 23°C 24°Cavg 13°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Mon9/7 33°Cavg 23°C 23°Cavg 12°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Tue9/8 33°Cavg 23°C 23°Cavg 13°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm

Data and methods

Show data sources and model assumptions

Current model conditions and the 10-day outlook use the 00 UTC deterministic ECMWF IFS 0.25° public forecast retrieved directly with Herbie. Historical temperature and rain combine qualifying GHCN-D stations with ERA5 by geographic area; a missing station day uses the nearest ERA5 value for that station's area. Climate comparisons use 1991–2020.

Forecast comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional daily record. Daily high and low averages use the matching date; rainfall and GDD sum the same calendar dates as the forecast period.

This service is based on data and products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Weather & Vines subsets, converts, and regionally weights the forecast fields. ECMWF data are published under CC BY 4.0. ECMWF accepts no liability for errors, omissions, availability, loss, or damage arising from their use.

Climate projections use NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 v2.0, accessed August 23, 2026, with 25 models. Weather & Vines subsets and aggregates the source fields. Source files and derived projection data are under CC BY-SA 4.0; the full roster and limitations are listed in the climate atlas methods.

The Abruzzo model uses a March 15–October 31 growing season, base 10°C GDD, and an operational hot-day marker of 35°C.