Italy · Multi-region weather view

A Mediterranean island with warm, windy growing seasons.

Sea breezes and elevation temper the heat, but summer water stress is common.

Climate comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional record · updated through Aug 20, 2026.

Current conditions

Observations through Aug 30, 2026 · 06:00 UTC

Temperature22.2°C
Dew Point17.1°C
Relative Humidity73%
24h Rainfall0.6 mmmodeled IFS total through Aug 29

Vintage explorer

Moderately cooler and significantly drier than normal.

Mean temperature20.4°C
Temperature anomaly+2.2°Cvs 1991-2020
Growing degree days1728base 10°C
Hot days26≥ 35°C

What stood out in 2026

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity. Repeated hot days can speed ripening and put vines under stress. Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

Warmer growing season · High confidence

Mean growing-season temperature was +2.2°C versus the 1991–2020 baseline.

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity.

More hot days than usual · High confidence

There were 26 days at or above 35°C—+21 days versus baseline.

Repeated hot days can speed ripening and put vines under stress.

Drier than baseline · Moderate confidence

Growing-season precipitation was 173 mm below the 1991–2020 baseline.

Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

2026 month by month

Replay the 2026 growing season

Closest weather matches

How similar years are calculated

Method analog-v1-2026-07 standardizes six weather measures across 0 complete ARCO ERA5 comparison years, then measures the distance between them. The calculation runs when the page is requested.

Growing-season temperature anomalyCompared with 1991-2020
Temperature anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 A line above zero indicates a warmer growing season than the 1991–2020 baseline. Select a point to inspect that vintage. +2.4°C −2.4°C 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
Growing-season rainfall anomaly
Rainfall anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 Bars show millimeters above or below the 1991–2020 growing-season baseline. Select a bar to inspect that vintage. +450 mm −450 mm 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
View historical chart data as a table
YearTemperature anomalyRainfall anomalyHot days
1991-1.6°C+72 mm0
1992-1.1°C+109 mm0
1993-0.4°C-84 mm4
1994+0.3°C-104 mm9
1995-0.8°C-43 mm3
1996-1.4°C+148 mm3
1997+0.1°C-66 mm2
1998-0.3°C-11 mm4
1999+1.0°C+3 mm9
2000+0.4°C+6 mm10
2001+0.5°C-142 mm1
2002-0.6°C+29 mm1
2003+1.3°C-22 mm25
2004-0.3°C+31 mm2
2005+0.0°C-71 mm6
2006+0.5°C-26 mm3
2007-0.4°C+15 mm4
2008-0.3°C+88 mm3
2009+0.1°C+37 mm2
2010-0.7°C+10 mm1
2011+0.2°C-115 mm4
2012+0.7°C+16 mm6
2013-0.1°C+52 mm5
2014+0.1°C-80 mm0
2015+0.7°C+4 mm6
2016+0.2°C-41 mm1
2017+1.0°C-228 mm15
2018+0.1°C+436 mm0
2019+0.6°C-25 mm8
2020+0.1°C+2 mm8
2021+0.7°C-56 mm14
2022+2.0°C-48 mm12
2023+1.4°C+75 mm19
2024+1.1°C-56 mm16
2025+1.1°C+16 mm4
2026+2.2°C-173 mm26

winter

9.1°C

+1.8°C vs baseline

382 mm rain · +189 mm

spring

13.8°C

+1.3°C vs baseline

137 mm rain · -69 mm

summer

26.2°C

+3.6°C vs baseline

38 mm rain · -13 mm

harvest

26.7°C

+7.3°C vs baseline

5 mm rain · -94 mm

Weather events

1991–present

Climate change

Measured regional trends are shown separately from model projections. The observed record ends at the latest complete growing season shared by every published region.

Compare regions

Observed record

Historical trends, 1991–2025

Growing degree days changed +108.8 GDD per decade. The 95% interval is +64.9 to +152.7 GDD per decade, based on 35 eligible vintages.

How it is measured: Across the March 15–October 31 growing season, each day's mean temperature above 10°C adds to the total; cooler days add zero.

Growing degree days · annual change from the 1991–2020 average1991–2025

Scroll horizontally to inspect the full timeline.

View annual growing degree days data
VintageGrowing degree daysChange from 1991–2020
19911600 GDD-331 GDD
19921700 GDD-232 GDD
19931845 GDD-86 GDD
19942019 GDD+88 GDD
19951771 GDD-160 GDD
19961615 GDD-316 GDD
19971944 GDD+13 GDD
19981877 GDD-54 GDD
19992157 GDD+225 GDD
20002003 GDD+71 GDD
20012044 GDD+113 GDD
20021784 GDD-148 GDD
20032255 GDD+324 GDD
20041867 GDD-64 GDD
20051921 GDD-10 GDD
20062042 GDD+111 GDD
20071870 GDD-61 GDD
20081860 GDD-72 GDD
20091953 GDD+21 GDD
20101771 GDD-160 GDD
20111951 GDD+20 GDD
20122075 GDD+144 GDD
20131899 GDD-32 GDD
20141939 GDD+8 GDD
20152084 GDD+153 GDD
20161980 GDD+48 GDD
20172139 GDD+208 GDD
20181951 GDD+19 GDD
20192062 GDD+131 GDD
20201961 GDD+29 GDD
20212122 GDD+190 GDD
20222401 GDD+470 GDD
20232237 GDD+306 GDD
20242178 GDD+247 GDD
20252169 GDD+238 GDD
Growing-season mean temperature
+0.50 °C per decade 95% interval +0.30 to +0.71
Growing degree days
+108.80 GDD per decade 95% interval +64.87 to +152.74
Growing-season precipitation
+2.15 mm per decade 95% interval -19.15 to +23.45
Hot days
+2.06 days per decade 95% interval +0.34 to +3.78
Spring frost days
-0.27 days per decade 95% interval -1.17 to +0.64
Longest dry spell
-3.61 days per decade 95% interval -9.66 to +2.44

Last Updated July 15, 2026

Model ensemble

Projected climate through 2075

Temperature changes are relative to each model’s 1991–2020 baseline. The table combines all three pathways, weighted 70% to SSP2-4.5 and 15% each to SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0.

Scroll horizontally to compare all columns.

PeriodWeighted medianWeighted central 80%Models per pathway
2021-2040+1.2°C+0.7 to +1.6°C25
2041-2060+1.8°C+1.2 to +2.4°C25
2061-2075+2.2°C+1.6 to +3.1°C25
How pathways are combined

For each period and percentile, Weather & Vines takes 70% of the SSP2-4.5 value, 15% of the SSP1-2.6 value, and 15% of the SSP3-7.0 value. Each pathway contains the same 25 models. The weights are an editorial view of the current trajectory, not scenario probabilities.

Last Updated June 29, 2025

Compare projection measures across regions

Typical year · 1991–2020

When to visit

This calendar describes typical regional weather under the selected climate baseline. It is not a forecast for a future trip, and it does not account for crowds, lodging, events, or vineyard access.

Deterministic IFS forecast

Next ten days

Detailed forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · model run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC · retrieved Aug 30, 2026 at 08:22 UTC

Scroll horizontally to see all forecast dates.

DateSunMonTueWedThuFriSatSunMonTue
High 31°C 32°C 34°C 34°C 33°C 33°C 34°C 34°C 34°C 32°C
Low 21°C 20°C 21°C 22°C 21°C 19°C 22°C 22°C 23°C 23°C
Rain 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm

Across the typical year: Early August has the warmest median afternoon high (31.0°C); Late January has the coolest (10.9°C). Wet days are most frequent in Late November (41%) and least frequent in Early July (5%). Ties are resolved by calendar order.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lowsMedians and middle 50% of daily readings

Afternoon highOvernight lowMiddle 50%

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lows for Sardinia Median daily maximum and minimum temperatures for 24 early and late-month periods under the 1991–2020 baseline. Neutral bands show the 25th to 75th percentile. -5°C5°C15°C25°C35°C JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
How often a day is wetShare of days with at least 1 mm of rain

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Wet-day frequency through the typical year for Sardinia The fraction of days receiving at least one millimeter of rain in each early and late-month period under the 1991–2020 baseline. 0%25%50%75%100% JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
View all 24 periods as a table

Scroll horizontally to view all columns.

Sardinia typical weather by half-month, 1991–2020
PeriodAfternoon high, median (middle 50%)Overnight low, median (middle 50%)Wet-day frequencyPeriod rain, median (middle 50%)
Jan 1–1511.4°C (9.7–13.0°C)2.9°C (0.3–5.6°C)30%18.8 mm (8.4–32.0 mm)
Jan 16–3110.9°C (9.4–12.5°C)2.8°C (0.5–5.0°C)36%31.4 mm (18.0–56.8 mm)
Feb 1–1511.7°C (9.0–13.5°C)2.0°C (-0.1–4.9°C)34%31.4 mm (16.0–47.4 mm)
Feb 16–2912.2°C (9.9–14.3°C)2.8°C (0.4–4.8°C)34%20.0 mm (7.0–46.2 mm)
Mar 1–1513.8°C (11.4–15.9°C)4.1°C (1.8–6.6°C)36%28.3 mm (14.8–41.2 mm)
Mar 16–3115.4°C (13.3–17.4°C)4.8°C (2.7–7.1°C)32%27.4 mm (8.8–57.7 mm)
Apr 1–1516.2°C (14.3–18.5°C)6.0°C (4.4–7.9°C)38%41.7 mm (27.0–53.2 mm)
Apr 16–3018.3°C (15.7–20.4°C)7.6°C (5.7–9.6°C)37%37.8 mm (25.5–44.2 mm)
May 1–1520.8°C (18.0–23.3°C)9.6°C (7.8–11.6°C)30%25.8 mm (10.1–47.4 mm)
May 16–3123.0°C (20.4–25.6°C)11.4°C (9.3–13.1°C)22%20.2 mm (12.0–38.3 mm)
Jun 1–1525.0°C (22.3–27.6°C)13.1°C (11.4–14.9°C)22%12.3 mm (5.5–24.2 mm)
Jun 16–3028.4°C (25.1–31.0°C)15.2°C (13.1–17.2°C)10%2.4 mm (0.5–7.1 mm)
Jul 1–1529.9°C (27.4–31.8°C)16.4°C (14.7–18.0°C)5%2.0 mm (0.8–4.8 mm)
Jul 16–3130.8°C (28.7–32.8°C)17.2°C (15.6–18.7°C)5%1.8 mm (0.3–6.2 mm)
Aug 1–1531.0°C (29.0–33.3°C)17.5°C (16.0–19.2°C)7%1.7 mm (0.6–4.5 mm)
Aug 16–3130.3°C (28.1–32.8°C)17.0°C (15.5–18.5°C)10%1.8 mm (0.6–13.5 mm)
Sep 1–1527.4°C (24.8–29.1°C)14.9°C (13.2–16.6°C)18%12.4 mm (5.5–22.4 mm)
Sep 16–3024.7°C (22.3–26.7°C)13.1°C (11.1–15.2°C)23%17.9 mm (11.9–35.5 mm)
Oct 1–1522.6°C (20.0–25.1°C)11.6°C (9.9–13.8°C)25%16.7 mm (9.1–35.7 mm)
Oct 16–3120.7°C (18.4–22.9°C)10.2°C (7.8–12.8°C)27%21.2 mm (9.2–42.1 mm)
Nov 1–1517.2°C (15.1–19.5°C)8.2°C (6.2–10.2°C)36%38.6 mm (22.4–53.2 mm)
Nov 16–3014.2°C (11.8–16.7°C)6.3°C (3.8–8.3°C)41%44.0 mm (20.7–54.9 mm)
Dec 1–1512.8°C (10.8–14.5°C)4.9°C (2.3–6.9°C)38%33.6 mm (21.3–56.8 mm)
Dec 16–3111.7°C (9.4–13.7°C)3.5°C (0.9–6.1°C)36%32.8 mm (24.1–44.0 mm)

Each year contributes to temperature or rain separately when at least 90% of that period’s days are present. A value is shown only when at least 80% of the baseline years qualify. February 29 is included in late February.

Historical climatology Last Updated July 15, 2026

Season to date

Growing season heat and rainfall

Mar 15–Aug 30, 2026

Growing degree days1728.6base 10°C
Growing-season rainfall143.7 mmweighted regional total
Cumulative growing degree daysBase 10°C

2026 season1991–2020 average

Growing degree days accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily mean temperature above 10 degrees Celsius from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 1729 GDD 0 Mar ’26AprMayJunJulAug
Cumulative growing-season rainfallRegional weighted mean

2026 season1991–2020 average

Rainfall accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily rainfall in millimeters from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 223 mm 0 Mar ’26AprMayJunJulAug
View growing-season accumulation data
DateSeason GDD1991–2020 average GDDSeason rainfall1991–2020 average rainfall
2026-03-150.00.88.3 mm2.3 mm
2026-03-160.51.68.4 mm4.5 mm
2026-03-172.72.28.4 mm6.3 mm
2026-03-182.72.89.1 mm8.2 mm
2026-03-192.73.69.1 mm9.0 mm
2026-03-202.74.59.2 mm10.6 mm
2026-03-212.75.89.2 mm11.7 mm
2026-03-222.77.49.2 mm13.0 mm
2026-03-232.78.817.7 mm15.1 mm
2026-03-242.710.517.8 mm18.0 mm
2026-03-252.711.918.6 mm21.6 mm
2026-03-262.713.022.0 mm23.9 mm
2026-03-272.713.723.2 mm27.4 mm
2026-03-282.714.723.2 mm29.1 mm
2026-03-292.715.623.6 mm32.2 mm
2026-03-302.717.024.1 mm34.3 mm
2026-03-312.718.525.5 mm37.3 mm
2026-04-012.719.926.4 mm39.1 mm
2026-04-022.720.926.7 mm42.9 mm
2026-04-033.222.627.1 mm47.9 mm
2026-04-045.424.427.1 mm51.9 mm
2026-04-059.025.927.1 mm55.0 mm
2026-04-0614.327.127.1 mm57.9 mm
2026-04-0719.728.927.1 mm59.1 mm
2026-04-0825.230.527.1 mm63.0 mm
2026-04-0931.232.227.1 mm65.6 mm
2026-04-1037.634.127.1 mm66.9 mm
2026-04-1144.535.727.1 mm69.8 mm
2026-04-1249.837.427.1 mm72.7 mm
2026-04-1353.139.136.1 mm76.1 mm
2026-04-1454.841.048.0 mm77.1 mm
2026-04-1559.243.361.6 mm78.2 mm
2026-04-1664.145.568.8 mm80.8 mm
2026-04-1769.847.769.3 mm84.8 mm
2026-04-1876.249.769.7 mm86.7 mm
2026-04-1982.151.769.7 mm88.5 mm
2026-04-2088.253.969.7 mm90.3 mm
2026-04-2195.356.569.7 mm93.3 mm
2026-04-22103.059.669.7 mm94.7 mm
2026-04-23106.962.870.0 mm97.4 mm
2026-04-24109.666.370.0 mm99.4 mm
2026-04-25113.669.870.0 mm101.5 mm
2026-04-26118.774.170.0 mm103.6 mm
2026-04-27124.478.070.0 mm107.3 mm
2026-04-28130.981.770.0 mm108.6 mm
2026-04-29138.785.673.4 mm111.5 mm
2026-04-30147.289.373.5 mm114.5 mm
2026-05-01153.093.273.5 mm116.5 mm
2026-05-02156.897.573.5 mm120.1 mm
2026-05-03161.5102.273.6 mm123.2 mm
2026-05-04167.7106.776.9 mm127.8 mm
2026-05-05174.9111.280.6 mm130.8 mm
2026-05-06179.2115.985.0 mm133.2 mm
2026-05-07185.0120.485.4 mm135.0 mm
2026-05-08190.2125.290.3 mm136.5 mm
2026-05-09195.4130.790.6 mm137.2 mm
2026-05-10199.8137.093.6 mm138.3 mm
2026-05-11206.0143.393.6 mm139.5 mm
2026-05-12212.5149.493.8 mm142.9 mm
2026-05-13216.7155.396.8 mm145.5 mm
2026-05-14221.2161.097.5 mm147.2 mm
2026-05-15224.9166.2101.9 mm149.5 mm
2026-05-16226.2171.8102.9 mm150.8 mm
2026-05-17228.1178.2103.0 mm152.4 mm
2026-05-18231.2184.6104.0 mm154.3 mm
2026-05-19235.5190.8104.6 mm156.8 mm
2026-05-20241.8196.7104.7 mm159.5 mm
2026-05-21250.2202.7104.7 mm162.5 mm
2026-05-22259.8209.2104.7 mm163.9 mm
2026-05-23269.6216.3104.7 mm164.3 mm
2026-05-24280.0223.6104.7 mm165.3 mm
2026-05-25290.9231.5104.7 mm166.7 mm
2026-05-26302.3239.4104.7 mm168.7 mm
2026-05-27314.5247.0104.7 mm170.6 mm
2026-05-28327.4254.9104.7 mm172.3 mm
2026-05-29340.4262.5104.7 mm173.6 mm
2026-05-30352.0270.3104.9 mm174.1 mm
2026-05-31364.0278.5105.0 mm175.1 mm
2026-06-01374.3286.7105.0 mm176.7 mm
2026-06-02384.6295.1105.0 mm178.5 mm
2026-06-03393.7303.3105.0 mm180.3 mm
2026-06-04402.5311.9105.0 mm181.8 mm
2026-06-05412.5320.6105.0 mm183.1 mm
2026-06-06423.2329.4105.0 mm184.3 mm
2026-06-07434.4338.4105.0 mm186.5 mm
2026-06-08447.7347.6105.0 mm187.3 mm
2026-06-09461.1357.1105.0 mm188.6 mm
2026-06-10474.3366.6105.0 mm189.4 mm
2026-06-11483.0376.0105.0 mm190.3 mm
2026-06-12493.1385.1105.0 mm191.9 mm
2026-06-13505.7394.6105.0 mm193.2 mm
2026-06-14519.0404.7105.0 mm194.1 mm
2026-06-15531.9415.0105.0 mm196.9 mm
2026-06-16544.0425.8105.0 mm197.4 mm
2026-06-17557.6436.6105.1 mm198.4 mm
2026-06-18573.1447.3105.1 mm199.5 mm
2026-06-19589.3458.0105.1 mm200.0 mm
2026-06-20607.0468.7105.1 mm200.6 mm
2026-06-21625.0479.7106.8 mm201.1 mm
2026-06-22643.1491.4108.4 mm201.8 mm
2026-06-23660.0503.2110.5 mm201.9 mm
2026-06-24676.5515.0111.1 mm202.5 mm
2026-06-25692.7526.8115.6 mm203.1 mm
2026-06-26709.8539.0119.4 mm203.2 mm
2026-06-27726.1551.4119.5 mm203.3 mm
2026-06-28743.4563.9119.5 mm203.4 mm
2026-06-29760.4576.2119.6 mm204.0 mm
2026-06-30777.3588.8121.4 mm204.2 mm
2026-07-01792.0601.5122.4 mm204.4 mm
2026-07-02804.9614.6130.1 mm204.7 mm
2026-07-03819.1628.0130.2 mm204.7 mm
2026-07-04834.4641.4130.2 mm204.8 mm
2026-07-05849.8654.8130.4 mm205.0 mm
2026-07-06863.6668.1130.4 mm205.0 mm
2026-07-07878.2681.3131.0 mm205.1 mm
2026-07-08893.2694.2131.0 mm205.7 mm
2026-07-09908.2706.9131.0 mm206.1 mm
2026-07-10924.1719.3131.0 mm206.5 mm
2026-07-11942.4731.8131.0 mm206.9 mm
2026-07-12961.2744.5131.0 mm207.0 mm
2026-07-13981.0757.4131.0 mm207.3 mm
2026-07-141002.2770.1131.0 mm207.6 mm
2026-07-151023.7782.8131.0 mm207.9 mm
2026-07-161046.9795.8131.3 mm208.4 mm
2026-07-171069.4809.1131.3 mm208.6 mm
2026-07-181090.9822.7131.3 mm208.7 mm
2026-07-191112.6836.1131.3 mm208.8 mm
2026-07-201134.1849.7131.3 mm208.8 mm
2026-07-211156.2863.6131.4 mm209.0 mm
2026-07-221175.7877.9131.4 mm209.3 mm
2026-07-231194.2892.5131.4 mm209.5 mm
2026-07-241210.3906.7131.4 mm210.3 mm
2026-07-251227.6920.4131.4 mm210.5 mm
2026-07-261243.3934.2131.6 mm210.8 mm
2026-07-271256.7948.3131.6 mm210.9 mm
2026-07-281271.2962.8131.6 mm211.2 mm
2026-07-291287.6977.0131.6 mm211.4 mm
2026-07-301305.1990.9132.3 mm211.9 mm
2026-07-311323.61005.2132.3 mm212.4 mm
2026-08-011342.71019.8132.3 mm212.6 mm
2026-08-021360.71034.8134.2 mm212.7 mm
2026-08-031380.21049.7134.8 mm213.0 mm
2026-08-041398.81064.1134.9 mm214.1 mm
2026-08-051416.71078.4134.9 mm214.4 mm
2026-08-061433.31092.7137.1 mm214.8 mm
2026-08-071450.11107.5137.1 mm215.6 mm
2026-08-081466.51122.5137.1 mm215.8 mm
2026-08-091483.11137.1137.1 mm216.2 mm
2026-08-101501.81151.6137.2 mm216.8 mm
2026-08-111522.11165.5137.4 mm217.2 mm
2026-08-121541.41179.1138.3 mm217.4 mm
2026-08-131559.91192.6138.3 mm217.5 mm
2026-08-141578.61206.0138.6 mm217.9 mm
2026-08-151596.91219.4141.8 mm218.0 mm
2026-08-161614.51233.2142.0 mm218.1 mm
2026-08-171630.51247.1143.3 mm218.4 mm
2026-08-181646.51261.1143.5 mm218.9 mm
2026-08-191661.91275.6143.5 mm219.6 mm
2026-08-201678.61290.1143.5 mm219.8 mm
2026-08-211695.41304.2143.7 mm220.2 mm
2026-08-221711.11317.9143.7 mm221.5 mm
2026-08-231728.61331.7143.7 mm222.8 mm

Forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC

10-day totals compared with the 1991–2020 combined regional record

GDD accumulation
162 GDDvs 114 GDD average
Total rainfall
0.0 mmvs 6.1 mm average

No unusually hot or wet period stands out in the short-range forecast.

Sun8/30 31°Cavg 29°C 21°Cavg 16°C +15 GDD 0.0 mm
Mon8/31 32°Cavg 28°C 20°Cavg 16°C +15 GDD 0.0 mm
Tue9/1 34°Cavg 28°C 21°Cavg 15°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Wed9/2 34°Cavg 28°C 22°Cavg 15°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Thu9/3 33°Cavg 28°C 21°Cavg 15°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm
Fri9/4 33°Cavg 27°C 19°Cavg 15°C +15 GDD 0.0 mm
Sat9/5 34°Cavg 27°C 22°Cavg 15°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm
Sun9/6 34°Cavg 27°C 22°Cavg 15°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Mon9/7 34°Cavg 27°C 23°Cavg 14°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Tue9/8 32°Cavg 27°C 23°Cavg 15°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm

Data and methods

Show data sources and model assumptions

Current model conditions and the 10-day outlook use the 00 UTC deterministic ECMWF IFS 0.25° public forecast retrieved directly with Herbie. Historical temperature and rain combine qualifying GHCN-D stations with ERA5 by geographic area; a missing station day uses the nearest ERA5 value for that station's area. Climate comparisons use 1991–2020.

Forecast comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional daily record. Daily high and low averages use the matching date; rainfall and GDD sum the same calendar dates as the forecast period.

This service is based on data and products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Weather & Vines subsets, converts, and regionally weights the forecast fields. ECMWF data are published under CC BY 4.0. ECMWF accepts no liability for errors, omissions, availability, loss, or damage arising from their use.

Climate projections use NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 v2.0, accessed August 23, 2026, with 25 models. Weather & Vines subsets and aggregates the source fields. Source files and derived projection data are under CC BY-SA 4.0; the full roster and limitations are listed in the climate atlas methods.

The Sardinia model uses a March 15–October 31 growing season, base 10°C GDD, and an operational hot-day marker of 35°C.