Spain · Multi-region weather view

Castilla y León

High-plateau vineyards across Ribera del Duero, Rueda, and Toro.

Summer afternoons are hot and dry, but the elevation brings cold nights and a risk of frost.

Climate comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional record · updated through Aug 20, 2026.

Current conditions

Observations through Aug 30, 2026 · 06:00 UTC

Temperature13.6°C
Dew Point12.5°C
Relative Humidity93%
24h Rainfall0.0 mmmodeled IFS total through Aug 29

Vintage explorer

Moderately cooler and significantly drier than normal.

Mean temperature20.8°C
Temperature anomaly+3.3°Cvs 1991-2020
Growing degree days1565base 10°C
Hot days58≥ 32°C

What stood out in 2026

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity. Repeated hot days can speed ripening and put vines under stress. Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

Warmer growing season · High confidence

Mean growing-season temperature was +3.3°C versus the 1991–2020 baseline.

Warm weather can speed ripening and leave grapes with less acidity.

More hot days than usual · High confidence

There were 58 days at or above 32°C—+32 days versus baseline.

Repeated hot days can speed ripening and put vines under stress.

Drier than baseline · Moderate confidence

Growing-season precipitation was 136 mm below the 1991–2020 baseline.

Less rain often lowers disease pressure, but vines may depend more on stored soil water or irrigation.

2026 month by month

Replay the 2026 growing season

Closest weather matches

How similar years are calculated

Method analog-v1-2026-07 standardizes six weather measures across 0 complete ARCO ERA5 comparison years, then measures the distance between them. The calculation runs when the page is requested.

Growing-season temperature anomalyCompared with 1991-2020
Temperature anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 A line above zero indicates a warmer growing season than the 1991–2020 baseline. Select a point to inspect that vintage. +3.5°C −3.5°C 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
Growing-season rainfall anomaly
Rainfall anomaly by vintage, 1991 to 2026 Bars show millimeters above or below the 1991–2020 growing-season baseline. Select a bar to inspect that vintage. +150 mm −150 mm 1991 2000 2010 2020 2026
View historical chart data as a table
YearTemperature anomalyRainfall anomalyHot days
1991-0.6°C-94 mm39
1992-0.8°C+40 mm27
1993-1.8°C+129 mm19
1994-0.7°C-40 mm28
1995+0.3°C-91 mm18
1996-0.8°C-34 mm14
1997+0.1°C+100 mm14
1998-0.6°C+33 mm23
1999+0.1°C+73 mm19
2000-0.6°C+27 mm20
2001-0.1°C-71 mm27
2002-0.5°C+15 mm24
2003+0.7°C+48 mm31
2004-0.3°C-32 mm19
2005+0.7°C-51 mm37
2006+1.1°C+23 mm35
2007-0.8°C+33 mm15
2008-1.0°C+109 mm15
2009+0.7°C-74 mm29
2010-0.4°C+8 mm23
2011+1.0°C-85 mm23
2012-0.1°C+27 mm27
2013-0.8°C+36 mm24
2014+0.6°C-59 mm16
2015+0.8°C-25 mm43
2016+0.2°C-29 mm42
2017+1.8°C-126 mm43
2018+0.5°C+20 mm26
2019+0.7°C+1 mm36
2020+0.5°C+90 mm36
2021+0.0°C+21 mm26
2022+1.8°C-70 mm53
2023+1.4°C+18 mm34
2024+0.3°C+35 mm37
2025+1.3°C-21 mm52
2026+3.3°C-136 mm58

winter

6.3°C

+0.9°C vs baseline

218 mm rain · +88 mm

spring

13.5°C

+1.9°C vs baseline

130 mm rain · -15 mm

summer

24.4°C

+3.0°C vs baseline

27 mm rain · -35 mm

harvest

Incomplete seasonal record

Temperature and rainfall are withheld for this window.

Weather events

1991–present

Climate change

Measured regional trends are shown separately from model projections. The observed record ends at the latest complete growing season shared by every published region.

Compare regions

Observed record

Historical trends, 1991–2025

Growing degree days changed +100.5 GDD per decade. The 95% interval is +77.1 to +123.9 GDD per decade, based on 35 eligible vintages.

How it is measured: Across the April 1–October 31 growing season, each day's mean temperature above 10°C adds to the total; cooler days add zero.

Growing degree days · annual change from the 1991–2020 average1991–2025

Scroll horizontally to inspect the full timeline.

View annual growing degree days data
VintageGrowing degree daysChange from 1991–2020
19911585 GDD-54 GDD
19921491 GDD-147 GDD
19931275 GDD-364 GDD
19941525 GDD-114 GDD
19951706 GDD+68 GDD
19961454 GDD-185 GDD
19971625 GDD-14 GDD
19981547 GDD-92 GDD
19991642 GDD+3 GDD
20001526 GDD-113 GDD
20011620 GDD-18 GDD
20021536 GDD-103 GDD
20031783 GDD+144 GDD
20041604 GDD-34 GDD
20051773 GDD+134 GDD
20061848 GDD+209 GDD
20071453 GDD-185 GDD
20081434 GDD-205 GDD
20091769 GDD+130 GDD
20101559 GDD-80 GDD
20111818 GDD+180 GDD
20121655 GDD+16 GDD
20131512 GDD-127 GDD
20141729 GDD+90 GDD
20151781 GDD+143 GDD
20161684 GDD+45 GDD
20171984 GDD+345 GDD
20181763 GDD+124 GDD
20191773 GDD+134 GDD
20201709 GDD+70 GDD
20211620 GDD-19 GDD
20222020 GDD+381 GDD
20231899 GDD+260 GDD
20241694 GDD+56 GDD
20251895 GDD+256 GDD
Growing-season mean temperature
+0.52 °C per decade 95% interval +0.40 to +0.65
Growing degree days
+100.52 GDD per decade 95% interval +77.14 to +123.90
Growing-season precipitation
-4.49 mm per decade 95% interval -18.77 to +9.78
Hot days
+5.59 days per decade 95% interval +2.23 to +8.96
Spring frost days
-0.55 days per decade 95% interval -1.51 to +0.40
Longest dry spell
+4.57 days per decade 95% interval +0.11 to +9.04

Last Updated August 20, 2026

Model ensemble

Projected climate through 2075

Temperature changes are relative to each model’s 1991–2020 baseline. The table combines all three pathways, weighted 70% to SSP2-4.5 and 15% each to SSP1-2.6 and SSP3-7.0.

Scroll horizontally to compare all columns.

PeriodWeighted medianWeighted central 80%Models per pathway
2021-2040+1.1°C+0.8 to +1.8°C25
2041-2060+1.9°C+1.4 to +2.7°C25
2061-2075+2.4°C+1.7 to +3.5°C25
How pathways are combined

For each period and percentile, Weather & Vines takes 70% of the SSP2-4.5 value, 15% of the SSP1-2.6 value, and 15% of the SSP3-7.0 value. Each pathway contains the same 25 models. The weights are an editorial view of the current trajectory, not scenario probabilities.

Last Updated June 29, 2025

Compare projection measures across regions

Typical year · 1991–2020

When to visit

This calendar describes typical regional weather under the selected climate baseline. It is not a forecast for a future trip, and it does not account for crowds, lodging, events, or vineyard access.

Deterministic IFS forecast

Next ten days

Detailed forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · model run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC · retrieved Aug 30, 2026 at 08:22 UTC

Scroll horizontally to see all forecast dates.

DateSunMonTueWedThuFriSatSunMonTue
High 28°C 29°C 30°C 33°C 35°C 37°C 33°C 33°C 29°C 29°C
Low 14°C 12°C 13°C 14°C 14°C 15°C 19°C 18°C 15°C 15°C
Rain 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.2 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm 0.0 mm

Across the typical year: Late July has the warmest median afternoon high (31.6°C); Early January has the coolest (8.4°C). Wet days are most frequent in Late April (40%) and least frequent in Late July (9%). Ties are resolved by calendar order.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lowsMedians and middle 50% of daily readings

Afternoon highOvernight lowMiddle 50%

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Typical afternoon highs and overnight lows for Castilla y León Median daily maximum and minimum temperatures for 24 early and late-month periods under the 1991–2020 baseline. Neutral bands show the 25th to 75th percentile. -5°C5°C15°C25°C35°C JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
How often a day is wetShare of days with at least 1 mm of rain

Scroll horizontally to inspect all 24 half-month periods.

Wet-day frequency through the typical year for Castilla y León The fraction of days receiving at least one millimeter of rain in each early and late-month period under the 1991–2020 baseline. 0%25%50%75%100% JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
View all 24 periods as a table

Scroll horizontally to view all columns.

Castilla y León typical weather by half-month, 1991–2020
PeriodAfternoon high, median (middle 50%)Overnight low, median (middle 50%)Wet-day frequencyPeriod rain, median (middle 50%)
Jan 1–158.4°C (6.4–10.3°C)0.9°C (-1.6–4.0°C)30%20.4 mm (6.5–42.5 mm)
Jan 16–318.7°C (6.8–10.5°C)0.7°C (-1.2–3.3°C)31%21.7 mm (10.2–29.7 mm)
Feb 1–1510.5°C (8.0–12.7°C)0.8°C (-0.9–3.5°C)28%13.6 mm (6.8–22.5 mm)
Feb 16–2911.2°C (8.5–14.1°C)1.2°C (-0.9–3.5°C)30%13.1 mm (4.0–28.4 mm)
Mar 1–1513.7°C (10.7–16.6°C)2.9°C (0.8–5.1°C)28%13.4 mm (7.8–22.2 mm)
Mar 16–3115.2°C (11.7–18.5°C)3.9°C (1.9–5.9°C)34%20.6 mm (11.1–29.4 mm)
Apr 1–1515.4°C (12.2–19.4°C)4.8°C (2.8–6.9°C)38%22.9 mm (12.3–39.5 mm)
Apr 16–3016.4°C (14.1–20.8°C)6.5°C (4.3–8.2°C)40%30.8 mm (16.5–41.7 mm)
May 1–1519.1°C (15.9–23.1°C)8.0°C (5.4–10.1°C)40%24.0 mm (14.8–33.9 mm)
May 16–3122.3°C (18.8–26.0°C)9.9°C (7.6–11.8°C)33%21.5 mm (10.8–30.2 mm)
Jun 1–1524.5°C (20.6–28.5°C)11.6°C (9.5–13.9°C)26%15.1 mm (7.3–25.5 mm)
Jun 16–3028.7°C (25.1–31.4°C)14.0°C (11.5–16.0°C)20%11.4 mm (5.7–17.7 mm)
Jul 1–1529.5°C (25.9–32.1°C)14.5°C (12.3–16.4°C)14%8.2 mm (3.5–11.8 mm)
Jul 16–3131.6°C (28.8–33.5°C)15.8°C (14.0–17.3°C)9%3.1 mm (2.1–8.4 mm)
Aug 1–1530.4°C (27.4–33.4°C)15.2°C (13.3–17.1°C)12%5.1 mm (1.9–9.5 mm)
Aug 16–3129.7°C (26.5–32.1°C)14.9°C (12.8–16.4°C)13%6.4 mm (1.8–14.0 mm)
Sep 1–1527.0°C (24.0–29.3°C)12.7°C (10.8–14.7°C)17%9.3 mm (3.8–14.3 mm)
Sep 16–3023.6°C (19.8–26.8°C)10.9°C (8.8–13.0°C)25%20.9 mm (11.2–28.2 mm)
Oct 1–1520.6°C (17.1–23.3°C)9.1°C (6.9–11.2°C)26%15.5 mm (10.5–27.9 mm)
Oct 16–3117.5°C (14.2–20.0°C)8.0°C (5.1–10.2°C)39%34.6 mm (20.6–57.8 mm)
Nov 1–1513.6°C (11.4–15.8°C)5.3°C (2.9–7.7°C)38%25.0 mm (16.5–40.4 mm)
Nov 16–3010.8°C (8.8–12.8°C)2.9°C (0.3–5.5°C)34%20.8 mm (7.7–39.0 mm)
Dec 1–159.1°C (7.6–11.1°C)2.1°C (-0.1–4.3°C)30%17.4 mm (9.8–29.1 mm)
Dec 16–318.8°C (6.9–10.5°C)1.0°C (-1.5–4.1°C)32%16.9 mm (6.7–39.3 mm)

Each year contributes to temperature or rain separately when at least 90% of that period’s days are present. A value is shown only when at least 80% of the baseline years qualify. February 29 is included in late February.

Historical climatology Last Updated August 20, 2026

Season to date

Growing season heat and rainfall

Apr 1–Aug 30, 2026

Growing degree days1565.9base 10°C
Growing-season rainfall119.7 mmweighted regional total
Cumulative growing degree daysBase 10°C

2026 season1991–2020 average

Growing degree days accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily mean temperature above 10 degrees Celsius from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 1566 GDD 0 Apr ’26MayJunJulAug
Cumulative growing-season rainfallRegional weighted mean

2026 season1991–2020 average

Rainfall accumulated during the 2026 growing season The solid line accumulates daily rainfall in millimeters from the configured growing-season start. The dashed line shows the 1991–2020 daily climatological average. 162 mm 0 Apr ’26MayJunJulAug
View growing-season accumulation data
DateSeason GDD1991–2020 average GDDSeason rainfall1991–2020 average rainfall
2026-04-010.21.30.0 mm1.6 mm
2026-04-020.22.50.1 mm3.3 mm
2026-04-030.23.40.1 mm5.4 mm
2026-04-044.04.40.1 mm7.0 mm
2026-04-059.25.90.1 mm8.5 mm
2026-04-0616.18.00.1 mm10.1 mm
2026-04-0722.59.62.2 mm11.8 mm
2026-04-0825.911.26.0 mm12.7 mm
2026-04-0931.213.06.0 mm14.6 mm
2026-04-1039.514.76.0 mm17.3 mm
2026-04-1143.416.37.7 mm18.6 mm
2026-04-1243.417.69.7 mm19.9 mm
2026-04-1343.419.29.8 mm21.2 mm
2026-04-1445.321.19.9 mm23.2 mm
2026-04-1549.022.99.9 mm25.5 mm
2026-04-1653.324.89.9 mm27.5 mm
2026-04-1759.326.69.9 mm29.0 mm
2026-04-1866.528.510.6 mm31.5 mm
2026-04-1974.730.310.8 mm34.1 mm
2026-04-2082.432.510.9 mm36.2 mm
2026-04-2189.434.711.8 mm38.3 mm
2026-04-2296.436.611.8 mm40.5 mm
2026-04-23103.538.916.5 mm41.7 mm
2026-04-24110.341.822.0 mm43.3 mm
2026-04-25117.344.727.5 mm45.2 mm
2026-04-26124.847.230.2 mm47.7 mm
2026-04-27132.749.932.7 mm49.5 mm
2026-04-28139.952.634.2 mm50.9 mm
2026-04-29145.455.241.6 mm52.6 mm
2026-04-30149.257.742.5 mm53.9 mm
2026-05-01155.260.643.2 mm55.1 mm
2026-05-02160.463.653.6 mm56.3 mm
2026-05-03164.366.957.1 mm57.7 mm
2026-05-04166.570.559.3 mm59.2 mm
2026-05-05166.673.660.4 mm60.9 mm
2026-05-06167.377.160.4 mm62.1 mm
2026-05-07170.081.262.6 mm64.3 mm
2026-05-08172.285.565.9 mm66.8 mm
2026-05-09175.490.169.0 mm69.1 mm
2026-05-10177.094.973.8 mm71.5 mm
2026-05-11179.299.278.2 mm73.1 mm
2026-05-12180.9103.587.3 mm74.6 mm
2026-05-13183.6107.988.0 mm76.0 mm
2026-05-14185.5112.388.0 mm77.6 mm
2026-05-15186.0116.989.6 mm78.8 mm
2026-05-16186.0122.189.6 mm80.9 mm
2026-05-17189.1127.289.8 mm83.0 mm
2026-05-18192.6132.189.8 mm85.0 mm
2026-05-19198.0136.689.9 mm86.5 mm
2026-05-20206.8141.389.9 mm87.8 mm
2026-05-21218.3146.889.9 mm89.5 mm
2026-05-22230.7152.889.9 mm91.4 mm
2026-05-23243.2159.190.0 mm93.2 mm
2026-05-24257.0165.591.5 mm94.5 mm
2026-05-25270.8171.891.7 mm96.9 mm
2026-05-26284.2178.391.9 mm98.1 mm
2026-05-27297.7185.192.5 mm98.8 mm
2026-05-28311.8192.192.6 mm100.3 mm
2026-05-29326.3199.892.6 mm102.0 mm
2026-05-30341.1207.492.6 mm103.4 mm
2026-05-31353.5215.092.6 mm105.4 mm
2026-06-01365.3222.692.6 mm107.0 mm
2026-06-02375.6230.392.6 mm107.8 mm
2026-06-03384.4238.292.6 mm108.6 mm
2026-06-04391.7245.892.6 mm110.1 mm
2026-06-05397.7253.392.6 mm111.8 mm
2026-06-06407.6261.092.6 mm113.0 mm
2026-06-07419.1269.092.6 mm114.5 mm
2026-06-08430.8277.092.6 mm115.3 mm
2026-06-09439.8284.892.6 mm117.5 mm
2026-06-10446.6292.292.6 mm119.5 mm
2026-06-11455.3300.092.6 mm120.9 mm
2026-06-12468.0309.092.6 mm121.5 mm
2026-06-13482.9318.492.6 mm121.7 mm
2026-06-14497.6327.794.2 mm122.6 mm
2026-06-15510.5337.095.4 mm123.6 mm
2026-06-16524.1346.395.5 mm125.3 mm
2026-06-17539.8355.897.1 mm126.2 mm
2026-06-18555.1365.997.9 mm126.7 mm
2026-06-19570.4376.2100.6 mm127.2 mm
2026-06-20587.0387.0101.1 mm128.1 mm
2026-06-21606.4397.8101.1 mm128.5 mm
2026-06-22626.3409.3101.3 mm129.5 mm
2026-06-23646.2421.0101.3 mm130.8 mm
2026-06-24665.7432.2101.7 mm131.9 mm
2026-06-25681.0443.6102.3 mm132.4 mm
2026-06-26694.6455.6102.3 mm132.9 mm
2026-06-27709.4467.3102.3 mm133.6 mm
2026-06-28724.0478.9102.8 mm134.4 mm
2026-06-29738.3490.3102.8 mm135.0 mm
2026-06-30753.3502.0102.8 mm135.6 mm
2026-07-01765.8513.5102.8 mm136.4 mm
2026-07-02777.1524.2102.8 mm137.2 mm
2026-07-03790.7535.3102.8 mm137.8 mm
2026-07-04805.1546.4102.8 mm138.2 mm
2026-07-05821.3557.3102.8 mm138.6 mm
2026-07-06838.6568.3102.8 mm139.5 mm
2026-07-07856.5579.3104.2 mm140.1 mm
2026-07-08872.9590.8104.2 mm140.9 mm
2026-07-09889.9602.7104.3 mm141.3 mm
2026-07-10907.6614.8105.0 mm142.0 mm
2026-07-11924.4626.8105.2 mm142.3 mm
2026-07-12940.2639.2107.5 mm143.4 mm
2026-07-13953.3651.8107.5 mm144.1 mm
2026-07-14968.2664.1107.5 mm144.6 mm
2026-07-15983.6676.6107.5 mm145.5 mm
2026-07-16998.6689.7107.6 mm146.0 mm
2026-07-171012.0703.0107.6 mm146.2 mm
2026-07-181026.4716.5107.6 mm146.4 mm
2026-07-191041.1730.3107.6 mm146.7 mm
2026-07-201055.7743.8107.6 mm147.0 mm
2026-07-211070.9757.1107.6 mm147.3 mm
2026-07-221087.0770.1107.6 mm147.8 mm
2026-07-231102.5783.3107.6 mm148.5 mm
2026-07-241115.1796.6107.6 mm148.7 mm
2026-07-251125.1809.9108.5 mm149.4 mm
2026-07-261134.9823.2108.5 mm150.0 mm
2026-07-271148.2836.3108.5 mm150.7 mm
2026-07-281164.7849.6108.5 mm151.1 mm
2026-07-291182.3863.2108.5 mm151.2 mm
2026-07-301200.5876.6108.5 mm151.5 mm
2026-07-311216.2890.0108.5 mm151.8 mm
2026-08-011231.4903.4108.5 mm152.2 mm
2026-08-021246.7916.4108.5 mm152.6 mm
2026-08-031261.6929.5108.6 mm152.8 mm
2026-08-041275.8943.0108.6 mm153.2 mm
2026-08-051290.3956.5108.6 mm153.5 mm
2026-08-061305.6969.6108.6 mm153.7 mm
2026-08-071321.5982.6108.6 mm154.5 mm
2026-08-081337.3994.9110.2 mm155.0 mm
2026-08-091352.41006.4110.2 mm155.5 mm
2026-08-101367.11018.3110.2 mm156.1 mm
2026-08-111383.31030.5110.2 mm156.8 mm
2026-08-121401.01043.0110.2 mm157.2 mm
2026-08-131419.01055.1110.2 mm157.3 mm
2026-08-141436.21067.9110.3 mm157.6 mm
2026-08-151451.51080.8112.7 mm158.0 mm
2026-08-161466.31093.5112.8 mm158.5 mm
2026-08-171482.51106.2112.8 mm159.3 mm
2026-08-181499.51119.2112.8 mm159.8 mm
2026-08-191517.01131.9113.2 mm160.1 mm
2026-08-201529.81144.3118.7 mm160.5 mm
2026-08-211540.31156.8119.7 mm161.0 mm
2026-08-221552.71169.0119.7 mm161.3 mm
2026-08-231565.91181.4119.7 mm161.6 mm

Forecast outlook

ECMWF IFS 0.25° via Herbie · run Aug 30, 2026 at 00:00 UTC

10-day totals compared with the 1991–2020 combined regional record

GDD accumulation
137 GDDvs 102 GDD average
Total rainfall
0.2 mmvs 6.8 mm average

The forecast includes a period of potentially stressful heat. The region's 32°C heat threshold is reached Sep 2–6.

Sun8/30 28°Cavg 28°C 14°Cavg 13°C +11 GDD 0.0 mm
Mon8/31 29°Cavg 27°C 12°Cavg 13°C +10 GDD 0.0 mm
Tue9/1 30°Cavg 27°C 13°Cavg 13°C +12 GDD 0.0 mm
Wed9/2 33°Cavg 28°C 14°Cavg 13°C +14 GDD 0.0 mm
Thu9/3 35°Cavg 28°C 14°Cavg 13°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm
Fri9/4 37°Cavg 27°C 15°Cavg 14°C +17 GDD 0.0 mm
Sat9/5 33°Cavg 27°C 19°Cavg 13°C +17 GDD 0.2 mm
Sun9/6 33°Cavg 27°C 18°Cavg 13°C +16 GDD 0.0 mm
Mon9/7 29°Cavg 26°C 15°Cavg 13°C +13 GDD 0.0 mm
Tue9/8 29°Cavg 27°C 15°Cavg 12°C +13 GDD 0.0 mm

Data and methods

Show data sources and model assumptions

Current model conditions and the 10-day outlook use the 00 UTC deterministic ECMWF IFS 0.25° public forecast retrieved directly with Herbie. Historical temperature and rain combine qualifying GHCN-D stations with ERA5 by geographic area; a missing station day uses the nearest ERA5 value for that station's area. Climate comparisons use 1991–2020.

Forecast comparisons use the 1991–2020 combined regional daily record. Daily high and low averages use the matching date; rainfall and GDD sum the same calendar dates as the forecast period.

This service is based on data and products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Weather & Vines subsets, converts, and regionally weights the forecast fields. ECMWF data are published under CC BY 4.0. ECMWF accepts no liability for errors, omissions, availability, loss, or damage arising from their use.

Climate projections use NASA NEX-GDDP-CMIP6 v2.0, accessed August 23, 2026, with 25 models. Weather & Vines subsets and aggregates the source fields. Source files and derived projection data are under CC BY-SA 4.0; the full roster and limitations are listed in the climate atlas methods.

The Castilla y León model uses a April 1–October 31 growing season, base 10°C GDD, and an operational hot-day marker of 32°C.

The historical series uses 3 ERA5 locations, 4 temperature stations, and 4 rain stations. Interpretation confidence: moderate. Geometry confidence: reviewed-approximate. Rules: ribera-del-duero-catalog-v1-2026-07.